caltrans design manual turning radius

caltrans design manual turning radius

Four types of sight distance are considered herein: passing, stopping, decision, and corner. Passing sight distance is used where use of an opposing lane can provide passing opportunities (see Index 201.2). Stopping sight distance is the minimum sight distance for a given design speed to be provided on multilane highways and on 2-lane roads when passing sight distance is not economically obtainable. Stopping sight distances given in the table are suitable for Class II and Class III bikeways. Also shown in Table 201.1 are the values for use in providing passing sight distance. See Chapter 1000 for Class I bikeway sight distance guidance.See Table 201.1 for the calculated values that are associated with various design speeds. In general, 2-lane highways should be design ed to provide for passing where possible, especially those routes with high volumes of trucks or recreational vehicles. Passing should be done on tangent horizontal alignments with constant grades or a slight sag vertical curve. Not only are drivers reluctant to pass on a long crest vertical curve, but it is impracticable to design crest vertical curves to provide for passing sight distance because of high cost where crest cuts are involved. Passing sight distance for crest vertical curves is 7 to 17 times longer than the stopping sight distance.Thank you, for helping us keep this platform clean. The editors will have a look at it as soon as possible. Discover everything Scribd has to offer, including books and audiobooks from major publishers. Start Free Trial Cancel anytime.http://www.ultramarine.cz/_files/dean-pump-manual.xml

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Report this Document Download Now save Save CalTrans Highway Design Manual For Later 100% (1) 100% found this document useful (1 vote) 1K views 749 pages CalTrans Highway Design Manual Uploaded by Paulo Santos Description: Full description save Save CalTrans Highway Design Manual For Later 100% 100% found this document useful, Mark this document as useful 0% 0% found this document not useful, Mark this document as not useful Embed Share Print Download Now Jump to Page You are on page 1 of 749 Search inside document Browse Books Site Directory Site Language: English Change Language English Change Language. The developer shall obtain the approval of the Director of said plans, profiles and specifications prior to commencing any construction. Sec. 102-4 Where no Standard Specified: Requirements to be Prescribed by Director Where the requirements for street improvements are not specified in these standards, or the documents referenced in these standards, the requirements shall be established by the Director. Such requirements shall conform to accepted engineering standards. Sec. 102-5 Payment for Improvement 102-5.01 All improvements required by these standards shall be constructed and installed by the developer at his expense unless expressly agreed by the Board of Supervisors that the County will bear the expense or any portion of the expense. 102-5.02 Arterial or Collector Highway Alignment in Development: In case of an arterial or collector highway alignment lying within the development, improvement thereof shall be subject to the following provisions: If it appears to the Board that the County may within a reasonable period, not exceeding five (5) years, undertake construction of an arterial or collector highway along such alignment, it may make an order requiring the Developer to contribute to and deposit with the County an amount equal to the cost of construction as determined by the Board.http://www.nursing.com.pl/images/dean-smith-grace-lathe-manual.xml

Such contribution shall be filed with the County Road Fund through the Director. Consistency with adopted General Plans, Specific Plans, and other plan routes where appropriate. Expanded intersections as may be required at arterial and collector highway intersections as shown on the County General Plan or Specific Plans, or as required by the Director. Bike Lanes shall be designed and constructed in conformance with Caltrans Highway Design Manual, Chapter 1000, Bikeway Planning and Design. Sec. 102-9 Utilities, Design and Installation All utilities shall be designed, constructed, and installed by the Developer in accordance with all applicable County requirements and State laws. Underground utilities including services to be located within street right-of-way shall be installed prior to surfacing the streets. Underground utility construction shall be in accordance with the provisions of Public Utility Commission General Order 95. Any aboveground cabinets or facilities located within the road right-of-way shall be permitted only upon approval by the Director. Compliance with this requirement may result in the need to create public utility easements outside of the right-of-way. For Phased Improvements by parcel or lot size, see Appendix B of the Land Division Ordinance. The minimum asphalt concrete thickness shall be 0.20 foot. For details, see Plate R-32 and Chapter IV. Arterial and collector highways - TI to be designated by the Director. For details see Plate R-32 and Chapter IV. The minimum asphalt concrete thickness shall be 0.20 foot. For Phase Improvements by parcel or lot size, see Appendix B of the Land Division Ordinance. Maximum grade of roads shall be fifteen percent (15%). Roads shall be traversable by a standard passenger car. When private streets are approved for use, an acceptable entity shall be formed for street and drainage maintenance prior to recording.

The following notes shall be placed on the street improvement plans before the Director signs them: The Subdivider's engineer shall be responsible for inspection of all improvements outside of County road right-of-ways and certify such to the County. No changes shall be made to these plans without the approval of the Director. Subdivider shall obtain the necessary building, grading, and encroachment permits prior to starting any work required by these plans. Private streets shall comply with all requirements of the Kern County Fire Department and Land Division Ordinance. Also, private streets located within the State Responsibility Area (SRA) shall comply with all requirements of the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection. Sec. 103-4 Pedestrian Accessibility Guidelines Federal and state regulations require that each facility or part thereof shall be designed 11 and constructed in such a manner that the facility is readily accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities. If it is found that an accessibility design standard can not be fully incorporated in a design, an accessibility design exception will be required, subject to the Director’s approval. Limited exceptions to the above minimums may be approved by the Director when topography or other conditions warrant within the following limits: Arterial and collector highways not less than 300 feet. In mountainous areas, minimum local streets radii may be reduced to 100 feet or as approved by the Director. Curve widening to provide adequate sight distance shall be determined by the Director. 104-1.02 Intersections Streets shall intersect at right angles where practicable. When topography or other physical feature makes this requirement impracticable, a Limited Exception may be granted by the Director. A knuckle shall be considered an intersection for skew angles.

Where the angle of intersection is acute, or where a sight distance problem may be anticipated, an increased property line cutoff may be required by the Director. All streets entering upon any given street shall have their center lines directly opposite each other or separated by at least 150 feet, see plate R-48 thru R-50. Tangent distance between end of horizontal curve and intersection centerline shall be a minimum of 150 feet. 104-1.03 Dead-end streets in excess of 150 feet in length shall be constructed to permit vehicles to turn around at the end. The director may increase the length to 200' providing no access is provided by the road. The maximum length of a dead-end street, including all deadend streets accessed from that dead-end street shall not exceed the following cumulative lengths, regardless of the number of parcels served: Parcels zoned for less than one acre 800 feet Parcels zoned for 1 acre to 4.99 acres 1320 feet Parcels zoned for 5 acres to 19.99 acres 2640 feet Parcels zoned for 20 acres or larger 5280 feet Where a dead-end street serves areas in which several different length limits could apply because of several different parcel sizes, the shortest allowable length shall apply. Sec. 104-2 Gradient 104-2.01 Minimum grade on any street or alley shall be 0.5%. Where concrete curb and gutter or gutter in the case of an alley, is constructed, minimum grade shall be 0.2%. 104-2.02 The maximum grade on any street or alley shall be as follows: Arterial and Collector Highways - 6%. Local streets and residential cul-de-sac streets (including street turning area) - 8%. All classes of industrial and commercial streets - 8%. Alleys - 8%.13 Exceptions to the maximum or minimum grades may be granted by the Director as follows: Arterial and Collector Highway - 8% maximum. Local and cul-de-sac streets (excluding street turning area) - 15% maximum. All classes of industrial or commercial streets - 8% maximum. (No exceptions allowed). Alleys - 15% maximum.

104-2.03 Superelevation shall be provided for all streets where required by the Director. 104-2.04 Vertical curves shall be as follows: Residential and industrial streets shall be designed to provide a minimum stopping sight-distance corresponding to a design speed of 25 MPH. Arterial and Collector highways shall be designed to accommodate minimum vehicle speeds of 65 MPH. An exception may be granted by the Director to reduce the vertical curve design speed. Vertical curves shall be used when change in grade exceeds 0.50% and shall have a minimum length of 50 feet. Alleys shall be designed for 20 MPH stopping sight distance. Road-mixed asphalt surfacing may be used, in lieu of asphalt concrete, in those areas of the County more than 50 miles along the shortest practical route from a commercial asphalt concrete plant. Road-mixed asphalt surfacing (RMAS) shall conform to design mix approved by the Director. Minimum thickness of a road-mixed asphalt surfacing shall be 0.25 of a foot. Alleys: Surfacing shall be of asphalt concrete or road-mixed asphalt surfacing, whichever is used in the streets of the development. The minimum thickness of aggregate base or aggregate subbase shall be 0.35 foot. 104-4.03 Aggregate Bases - In addition to the specified R-Value for aggregate bases, the R-Value at 150 psi exudation pressure shall be 90% of the R-Value at 300 psi exudation pressure. Sec. 104-5 Utility Placement Within Streets Underground utilities including services to be installed in streets shall be installed prior to surfacing of the streets. The Department will entertain the use of lower wattage bulbs, such as light emitting diode (LED) and solar street lights. The developers are encouraged to utilize new technology in order to reduce carbon foot print and reduce energy cost. All material and work shall conform to the requirements of the California Electrical Code, National Electrical Code, and other pertinent codes and regulations. 104-6.

01 Residential Areas - Street lights shall be located at intersections, at midblock with blocks greater than 600 feet between intersections, at ends of cul-de-sacs greater than 150 feet in length, and on curved streets as required by the Director. Street lights on arterial and collector streets or intersections with an arterial street shall be 9,500 lumen. Street lights on local streets shall be 5,800 lumen. Lumin output and light sources may vary depending on new technology. Street lights shall have an acceptable maintenance entity formed and be energized prior to acceptance of the improvements. Street light construction shall be in accordance with Plate R-75 unless approved otherwise by the Director. 104-6.02 Commercial and Industrial Areas - Street lights shall be located at intersections and ends of cul-de-sacs greater than 150 feet in length. Luminaires shall be as provided in the above paragraph. 16 On all streets, the pull box shall be installed and the light wired from the pull box at the pole per plate R-76. Electrical service shall be provided to the street light from the adjacent parcel (on either side of the street) as it is developed. Electrical service easements shall be granted as required. Luminaire shall be full cutoff optics. 104-6.07 Street light location plan and general plan details shall be submitted for review and approval by the engineer. The plans shall show and identify all street lights to be installed, distance between poles, height of poles, wattage of lamps, lumens, type of luminaire, irrigation pedestals and all other pertinent information. Also, all existing street lights within 400 feet of the project shall be clearly identified and shown on the plans. Chapter V. Access Sec. 105-1 State Highways Access to state highways, is regulated by Caltrans. Requests for access and changes to existing access shall be coordinated with Caltrans. Encroachment permits for access to state highways shall be obtained from Caltrans. Sec.

105-2 City Streets Access to city streets, is regulated by the incorporated city who has jurisdiction. Requests for access and changes to existing access shall be coordinated with the respective incorporated city. Collector streets operate at approximately 40% to 60% either way. Local street’s function is to provide nearly 100% access to abutting properties and should be designed to eliminate through traffic. Driveway access on arterials shall be kept to a minimum as determined by safety, topography, zoning and prior parcelization constraints or other special circumstances. Waivers of access on subdivisions shall be provided along major streets except where driveway access is permitted. 105-3.01 Minimum full access intersection spacing on arterials shall be limited to one-third mile. Closer spacing may be permitted if a traffic signal synchronization study is approved which demonstrates the location to be feasible for a signal. The signal, if allowed, shall be funded and installed by the developer. 105-3.02 Minimum spacing and type of local street access along arterial and collector streets shall conform to details in Plates R-49 and R-50. Access points along arterial streets shall be restricted to right turn in and right turn out movements only. Full access median openings or openings limited to allow left turn in with no left turn out may be permitted where an approved traffic study provides justification for said access. Analysis for and development of full access openings must also meet the signalization requirements of Section 105-3.03. The design of limited access openings shall conform to applicable details in Plates R-42 through R-50. 105-3.03 For purposed development of no more than 200 residential dwelling units, circulation may be developed with only one access available. Development beyond 200 units will be required to provide a second means of access.

Access points on collectors within 300 feet of the curb return at an arterial intersection shall be limited to right turn in and right turn out movements. The design, number and location of driveway approaches must comply with the standards and policies contained herein and must be approved by the County. 105-4.01 Driveway approaches will not be permitted for parking or loading areas which would require backing into county roads with the exception of single family (R-1) residences. 105-4.02 Driveway approaches constructed along arterial streets shall be restricted to right turn in and right turn out movements only. Full access median openings or openings limited to allowing left turn in with no left turn out may be permitted where an approved traffic study 18 provides justification for said access. Analysis for and development of full access openings must also meet the signalization requirements of Section 105-3.03. The design of limited access openings shall conform to applicable details in Plates R-42 through R-50. Driveway approaches constructed along collector streets within 300 feet of the curb return at an arterial intersection shall be limited to right turn in and right turn out movements. 105-4.03 Only one driveway approach per property per street is permitted for single family R-1 lots excepted on local streets. Additional driveway approaches may be permitted where an approved traffic study is provided which demonstrates that more than one access is required to adequately handle driveway volumes, and will not adversely affect traffic flow on county roads. Where a property has access to more than one street, at a double frontage location, access will be limited to the lower classification street to minimize the impact upon traffic flow, except as allowed herein. Access to only the higher classification street will be required in the case of incompatible land uses, i.e.

, the lower classification street serves residential development and the access is to serve commercial or industrial development. Addition of access to the higher classification street may be allowed provided an approved traffic study provides sufficient justification. During construction all such activities will be the responsibility of the permittee. 105-4.05 Arrangements must be made by the developer or permittee, for the necessary removal or relocation of any public utilities, structures, trees or plants with the person or entity having ownership or control prior to commencing work. Right turn storage lanes are required at all streets and access points where one of the following criteria is met: The 85th percentile speed is less than 45 MPH and the peak hour turning volume is over 200. The 85th percentile speed is 45 MPH or greater, the arterial is shown ultimately having 6 lanes and the peak hour turning volume is 25. 105-5.02 Collector Streets: Left and right turn storage lanes are required on all collector streets at arterial street intersections. Striping for left turn channelization shall be provided for any access leading to a development, which, at build out, generates more than 50 peak trips. 105-5.03 Design of left and right turn storage lanes shall comply with the applicable requirements of details in these standards. Bay tapers for turn lanes shall be 90 feet in length for single turn lanes and 120 feet in length for dual turn lanes. 60' bay tapers will be permitted on streets where the 85th percentile speed is 40 MPH or less, provided the turn lane is accessing either a driveway or a local street. 105-5.04 In the absence of turning volume data showing the need for greater storage, the following minimum lengths shall be used: Dual left and single right turn storage lanes from arterial street into another arterial street shall be designed for a minimum length of 200 feet (measured from end of taper to limit line).

Left and right turn storage into local streets or major private entrances shall be 150 feet minimum. Left and right turn storage into minor private entrances shall be 100 feet minimum on collector streets and 150 feet minimum on arterial streets. 105-5.05 Upon subdivision or other development which accesses onto an arterial or collector street, the following minimum improvements will be required to provide left turn channelization, where insufficient width would otherwise be available due to existing or proposed street improvements. On and off site road improvements are required from any collector or arterial street to provide left turn channelization into each street (or access point) within the subdivision (or development). Design shall be based upon standards contained in Plates R-66. Chapter VI. Site Access Design Sec. 106-1 Introduction This chapter is intended to serve as a standard for the placement, size and configuration of site access improvements. Sec. 106-2 Access Widths and Spacing Access widths and spacing shall be designed per Plate R-56. Sec. 106-3 Alignment Access drive or road must intersect a public street at 90 degrees or as close as possible to 90 degrees or minus a maximum deviation of 15 degrees on local streets. Minimum sight distance shall be provided at all access points in accordance with the provisions of this Division and Chapter 5 of Division Nine. Design loading shall be H20-S16-44 with alternate. Bridge width shall equal the approach roadway width plus one pedestrian walkway in accordance with the standard typical cross-sections included. Plans for such crossings shall be submitted to the Director for review and approval. Where special design or variation from standards is necessary for any drainage facility, crossing a street or highway, said design shall be subject to the approval of the Director.

Improvements shall be in accordance with State of California Business and Transportation Agency Department of Transportation Standard Specifications, current edition, as modified and determined applicable by the Director. All streets have been designed in accordance with the Traffic Index as shown on the typical cross-sections. If approved in writing by the Director, an alternate pavement design using Class III Aggregate Base and a thicker A.C. section may be used. Any work which affects any existing County maintained road or the traffic thereon shall be completed within 20 working days from start of work. Elevations and grades shown on the profiles are gutter flowlines (inverts). All concrete shall have all exposed surfaces treated with a white pigmented curing compound (see Section 90-7.01B of the Std. Specs.) after finishing. Permanent traffic control signing and other safety devices (not shown on these plans) shall be installed per plans approved by the Engineer. Street lighting shall be installed and a means provided to contract for public utility services and maintenance. Prior to start of any earthwork, the Subdivider shall obtain a Grading Permit as required by Kern County Code of Building Regulations and Grading Ordinance. Wheelchair ramps shall be constructed at all curb returns per plate R-60 of the Kern County Development Standards and as directed by the engineer. All existing facilities, including but not limited to structures, poles, pipelines, conducts, canals, and appurtenances, which are considered to be obstructions by the County Engineer, shall be relocated at the expense of the Subdivider. New streets shall be extended at intersections as directed by the County Engineer in order to provide a safe connection to the existing street pavement.

Storm drainage sump shall not be allowed to accept water until secured by permanent fencing or in the case of shallow unfenced sumps not until compliance with depth and side slope criteria as set by the Kern County Development Standards, Division Four. Pavement grinding in accordance with Section 42 of the Standard Specifications shall be provided as directed by the Engineer where new pavement meets existing pavement. All frames and covers within the roadway shall be raised to finish grade per Plate R-69.24 Underground utilities including services to be located within right-of-way shall be installed prior to surfacing the streets. When bike lanes are required along a highway, the curb line shall be extended three (3) feet and the parkway area reduced three (3) feet. Street sweeping, walls, drainage, street lights, etc. NOTE: Any additional notes, not required by the Engineer, will be listed under a heading of “The Engineer of Record’s Notes” and will not be considered to be a part of the County approval. Table of Contents Standards for Streets Chapter I. Introduction Chapter II. Street Improvement Requirements Chapter IV. Landscaping Chapter IX. Temporary Street Closures Chapter X. Subdivision Street Improvement Plan Notes Kern County Public Works Department Mission Statement: To provide public infrastructure, facilitate development, and deliver services that protect and enhance the lives of the people of Kern County. Not a MyNAP member yet. Register for a free account to start saving and receiving special member only perks. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages. Interchange Loop Rampsa?? as Phases I and II. This report was prepared by Dr. Darren J. Torbic. Ms. Lindsay M. Lucas, and Mr. Douglas W. Harwood of MRIGlobal, and Mr. Marcus A. Transportation Institute. Mr. Chris A. Fees and Mr. John J. Ronchetto of MRIGlobal, Mr. Dan. Quincy Engineering, and Ms.

Heidi Ouren of HQE Incorporated played key roles in this Kansas, Missouri, and Texas for their assistance in this research. Abstract. The objective of this research was to develop improved design guidance for interchange loop Highway Safety Manual (HSM) crash prediction method for loop ramps. Based on the research Part 1 Contents. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. iiA. Abstract. iiiA. Figures. viA. Tables. viiA. Summary. ixA. Section 1. Introduction.1A Section 2. Summary of Literature Review.6A Section 3. Observational Field Study of Loop Ramp Proper.22A Section 4. Application of the HSM Ramp Crash Prediction Method to Loop Ramps.67A Configurations.68A Prediction Models to Loop Ramps.69A Section 5. Design Guidance.89A Section 6. Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Research.100A Section 7. References.105A Appendix Ba??Recommended Changes for Consideration in the Next Edition of the Green Book Figures Figure 2. Expanded Interchange Configurations with Loop Ramps.3. Figure 3. Recommended Minimum Ramp Terminal Spacing.12. Figure 4. Typical Design of a Two-Lane Loop Ramp.15. Figure 7. Sample Field Setup for Observational Study of Ramp Proper.31A. Figure 8. Sample Images from Video to Document Vehicle Lane Position on a. Single-Lane Ramp.34A. Figure 9. Sample Images from Video to Document Unusual or Critical Maneuvers Figure 10. Correlations among Variables in the Speed Database for All Sites.43A. Figure 11. Correlations among variables in the lane position database for all sites.60A Tables Table 2. Minimum Acceleration Lengths for Entrance Terminals with Flat Grades of Two. Percent or Less.13A. Table 3. Minimum Deceleration Lengths for Exit Terminals with Flat Grades of Two. Table 4. Speed-Change Lane Adjustment Factor as a Function of Grade.13A. Table 5. Loop Ramp Characteristics.14A. Table 6. Summary of Ramp Characteristics in NCHRP 15-45 Database Used to Develop. Predictive Models for Ramps.15A. Table 7.

Summary of State Policies Related to Design Speed, Curve Radius, and Widths Table 8. General Characteristics of Study Locations (Entrance Ramps).25A. Table 9. General Characteristics of Study Locations (Exit Ramps).26A. Table 10. Characteristics of Ramp Proper (Entrance Ramps).28A. Table 11. Characteristics of Ramp Proper (Exit Ramps).29A. Table 12. Descriptive Statistics of Vehicle Speeds on Ramp Proper (Entrance Ramps).40A. Table 13. Descriptive Statistics of Vehicle Speeds on Ramp Proper (Exit Ramps).41A. Table 14. Summary Statistics for Speed Data.42A. Table 15. Speed Prediction Model to Estimate Speed at the Midpoint of the Controlling. Curve on the Ramp Proper of an Entrance Loop Ramp.44A. Table 16. Speed Prediction Model to Estimate Speed at the End of the Controlling Curve Table 17. Speed Prediction Model to Estimate Speed at the Midpoint of the Controlling. Curve on the Ramp Proper of an Exit Loop Ramp.46A. Table 18. Speed Prediction Model to Estimate Speed at the Beginning of the Controlling. Curve on the Ramp Proper of an Exit Loop Ramp.47A. Table 19. Input Data for Ramp Curve Speed Prediction Procedures in ISATe.47A. Table 20. Comparison of Speeds Estimated by ISATe, Predicted by Model, and Measured Table 21. Comparison of Speeds Estimated by ISATe, Predicted by Model, and Measured Table 22. Descriptive Lane Position Statistics on Ramp Proper (Entrance Ramps).57A. Table 23. Descriptive Lane Position Statistics on Ramp Proper (Exit Ramps).58A. Table 24. Summary Statistics for Lane Position Data.59A. Table 25. Lane Position Model for Entrance Ramps.61A. Table 26. Lane Position Model for Exit Ramps.62A. Table 27. Summary Statistics of Encroachment and Critical Maneuvers Observed Table 28. Summary Statistics of Encroachment and Critical Maneuvers Observed Table 29. Summary Statistics of Encroachment and Critical Maneuvers and Key Site. Characteristics of the Exit Ramps.65A. Table 30. Descriptive Statistics for California Rural Exit Ramps.73A. Table 31.